### Correlation | Attribute | Testosterone Effect (nmol/L) | Estrogen Effect (pmol/L) | Testosterone Correlation | Estrogen Correlation | | --------------------- | ---------------------------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------ | -------------------- | | Risk-taking | >7 | <110 | +0.4 to 0.6 | -0.2 to -0.3 | | Spatial Reasoning | >6 | <150 | +0.3 to 0.5 | -0.2 to 0.0 | | Verbal Memory | - | - | -0.1 to 0.1 | +0.3 to 0.5 | | Emotional Recognition | <4 | >250 | -0.2 to -0.3 | +0.4 to 0.6 | | Aggression | >8 | <180 | +0.3 to 0.5 | -0.2 to -0.4 | | Empathy | <5 | >200 | -0.2 to -0.4 | +0.3 to 0.5 | | Muscle Mass | >6 | - | +0.6 to 0.8 | -0.1 to 0.1 | | Libido | >5 | >150 | +0.4 to 0.6 | +0.2 to 0.4 | | Prosocial Behavior | - | - | -0.2 to -0.3 | +0.3 to 0.5 | | Fine Motor Skills | - | - | -0.1 to 0.1 | +0.2 to 0.4 | | Competitive Drive | >7 | <200 | +0.4 to 0.5 | -0.1 to -0.3 | | Mood Stability | - | - | -0.2 to 0.0 | +0.3 to 0.5 | - Correlation strength metrics are well-established from multiple studies - Bioavailability thresholds are less certain, with evidence primarily from smaller studies attributes - Risk-taking: Willingness to engage in uncertain outcomes with potential rewards or consequences. - Spatial Reasoning: Ability to understand and manipulate 3D objects mentally. - Emotional Recognition: Accuracy in identifying others' emotional states from facial/vocal cues. - Aggression: Tendency toward confrontational or hostile behavior under provocation. - Empathy: Capacity to understand and share others' emotional experiences. - Muscle Mass: Body's ability to maintain and build skeletal muscle tissue. - Libido: Intensity and frequency of sexual desire and arousal. - Competitive Drive: Motivation to outperform others or achieve dominance. +1.0: Perfect positive correlation +0.5: Moderate positive relationship 0.0: No correlation -0.5: Moderate negative relationship -1.0: Perfect negative correlation Anything below ±0.2 is considered a weak correlation ±0.3 to ±0.5 is moderate Above ±0.6 is strong ### Testosterone Levels By Gender The median bioavailable testosterone levels are: - Men: 3-10 nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) - Women: 0.1-0.5 nmol/L ### Estrogen Levels By Gender Bioavailable estradiol (E2) levels in picomoles per liter (pmol/L): Men: 35-145 pmol/L Women (varies by cycle phase): - Follicular: 110-440 pmol/L - Peak: 477-1359 pmol/L - Luteal: 257-917 pmol/L - Post-menopause: <73 pmol/L