| system | initial cost ($ + hrs) / unit | annualized cost ($ + hrs) / unit | sqft building | sqft land | other resources | revenue | market cost | benefits | | -------- | ----------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ------------- | --------- | ---------------------------------- | ------- | ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Solar PV | $2.4M + 9,600 hrs | $208k + 2,574 hrs | 1,000 | 8 acres | Grid connection, Monitoring system | $150k | $438k | Energy independence, Zero emissions, Low maintenance, Community education | #### Assumptions - 1MW total system capacity for ~1000 person community - 150W/m² peak generation capacity - 4.2 average sun hours per day in Michigan - 20% capacity factor (accounting for weather, seasonal variation) - Internal resource unit costs: - Electrical infrastructure maintenance: $15k/year - Energy storage integration costs included separately - 25-year panel lifespan, 10-year inverter lifespan #### Market Solutions $438k/year Based on standard utility rates for equivalent consumption: - Energy charges: $365k/year (10,000 kWh/day × $0.10/kWh) - Demand charges: $48k/year (1MW peak × $4/kW × 12 months) - Connection fees: $25k/year #### Labor 2,190 Hours/year | Task | Hours/Year | Notes | | --------------------------- | ---------- | ------------------------------------ | | Regular panel cleaning | 520 | Weekly cleaning during snow season | | Snow removal | 480 | Winter maintenance | | System monitoring | 365 | Daily checks and data logging | | Inverter maintenance | 240 | Monthly detailed checks | | Ground maintenance | 240 | Vegetation control, access paths | | Performance optimization | 200 | Angle adjustments, efficiency checks | | General repairs | 120 | Various repairs and replacements | | Data analysis and reporting | 25 | Monthly performance reports | | Total labor (hours) | 2,190 | | #### Operating Costs $48k/year | Component | External Cost ($) | Internal Cost ($) | Notes | | ------------------------- | ----------------- | ----------------- | -------------------------------- | | Replacement parts | $20k | 0 | Mainly inverter components | | Cleaning supplies | $8k | 0 | Including snow removal equipment | | Monitoring software | $6k | 0 | Annual licensing | | Grid interconnection fees | $12k | 0 | Required for grid-tied system | | Internal resources | 0 | $2k | From other community systems | | Total annual cost | $48k | $2k | | #### Initial Costs $2.4M + 9,600 hrs -> $168k + 384 hrs/year | Component | Initial Cost ($ + hrs) | Lifespan (Years) | Amortized Cost/Year ($ + hrs) | Justification | | ------------------ | ---------------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | | Solar panels | $1.2M + 3,000 hrs | 25 | $48k + 120 hrs | 3,333 panels at $360 each | | Inverters | $600k + 2,000 hrs | 10 | $60k + 200 hrs | String inverters with optimization | | Mounting systems | $300k + 2,400 hrs | 25 | $12k + 96 hrs | Ground mount with snow load rating | | Wiring/electrical | $200k + 1,600 hrs | 25 | $8k + 64 hrs | Including transformers and protection | | Monitoring system | $100k + 600 hrs | 10 | $10k + 60 hrs | Advanced monitoring and controls | | Total initial cost | $2.4M + 9,600 hrs | - | $168k + 384 hrs | | #### System Outputs | Output Type | Daily Units | Annual Units | Internal Cost ($/unit) | Internal Cost (hrs/unit) | Notes | | ----------------- | ----------- | ------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------ | | Base generation | 4,200 kWh | 1,533,000 kWh | $0.031 | 0.0014 | Average daily production | | Peak generation | 6,000 kWh | - | $0.028 | 0.0012 | Maximum summer day | | Winter generation | 2,400 kWh | - | $0.042 | 0.0018 | Minimum winter day | #### Revenue $150k/year | Service Category | Revenue ($) | Notes | | -------------------- | ----------- | ---------------------------------------- | | Grid export (summer) | $90k | Excess production during peak generation | | Demand reduction | $48k | Reduced utility demand charges | | RECs/Carbon credits | $12k | Environmental attribute sales | ### Technical Details #### Panel Configuration - Panel type: High-efficiency monocrystalline - Panel rating: 300W each - Total panels: 3,333 for 1MW system - Panel dimensions: 1.6m × 1m - Array configuration: 48V strings - Ground clearance: 0.5m minimum - Tilt angle: 30° fixed (optimized for latitude) #### Performance Metrics - Peak capacity: 1MW - Average daily production: 4,200 kWh - Annual production: 1,533,000 kWh - Capacity factor: 20% - Performance ratio: 0.8 - Annual degradation rate: 0.5% #### Maintenance Requirements - Weekly visual inspections - Monthly detailed performance analysis - Quarterly inverter maintenance - Semi-annual complete system check - Annual thermographic inspection - Snow removal as needed (winter) #### Integration Features - Grid-tied with anti-islanding - Remote monitoring and control - Power quality monitoring - Smart inverter functions - Production forecasting - Load management interface