| **Option** | **Philosophy** | **Primary Focus** | **Key Principles** | **Economic System** | **Governance** | **Interaction with External Society** | **Inspirations** | **Examples** | | ---------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **Basic Communalism** | Community bonds and mutual aid foster human fulfillment. | Balance between individual and collective wellbeing. | Shared resources, collective decision-making, local autonomy. | Mix of private and communal ownership, with collective decision-making about shared resources. | Local participatory democracy with simple frameworks for collective decisions. | Cooperative but independent; participates as needed to access external resources. | Tribal societies, intentional communities, cooperative movements. | Amish communities, kibbutzim, eco-villages. | | **Anarcho-Communism** | Stateless, classless, and moneyless society. Focus on equality and abolishing hierarchies. | Eliminating hierarchies and capitalist exploitation for radical egalitarianism. | Mutual aid, voluntary cooperation, collective ownership, and resource distribution by need. | Abolition of private property and money; resources shared collectively based on need. | Direct democracy or consensus; no central authority. | Minimal interaction; external society is often viewed as a system of oppression. | Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Murray Bookchin (early works). | Spanish Civil War collectives, anarchist communes like Christiania. | | **Eco-Communalism** | Sustainable living through ecological harmony, simplicity, and community bonds. | Aligning social systems with ecological principles to ensure sustainability. | Environmental sustainability, localized economies, and minimal ecological footprints. | Emphasis on localized economies and sharing resources sustainably within ecological constraints. | Participatory democracy with an ecological and local focus. | Cooperative exchange; promotes sustainability and eco-awareness beyond the community. | Murray Bookchin (later works), E.F. Schumacher, deep ecology movement. | Transition Towns, eco-villages like Findhorn. | | **Democratic Confederalism** | Decentralized self-governance based on participatory democracy and respecting diverse cultural identities. | Empowering communities to self-govern while maintaining cultural and gender equality and ecological balance. | Decentralization, democratic autonomy, gender equality, cultural pluralism, and social ecology. | Mixed system with collective ownership of public resources, decentralized markets, and cooperative enterprises. | Direct democracy at the local level; confederal councils coordinate across regions for collective decisions. | Builds alliances while maintaining autonomy; emphasizes pluralistic coexistence and regional coordination. | Murray Bookchin, Abdullah Öcalan, Kurdish democratic autonomy movement. | Rojava (Northern Syria), Kurdish regions practicing confederalism. |