#### POPULATION HEALTH FACTORS | Country | Obesity (%) | Diabetes (%) | Hypertension (%) | Multiple Chronic Conditions* | Mental Health Disorders (%) | | ------------- | ----------- | ------------ | ---------------- | ---------------------------- | --------------------------- | | United States | 36.2 | 10.8 | 32.4 | 28.0 | 19.1 | | Canada | 27.4 | 7.3 | 23.1 | 14.8 | 12.6 | | UK | 28.1 | 6.9 | 26.2 | 16.2 | 17.6 | | Australia | 29.0 | 5.7 | 22.8 | 15.4 | 14.1 | *Percentage of population with 2+ chronic conditions ##### Impact of Pre-existing Conditions - Increases average cost of care by 2-3x per patient - Complicates treatment protocols and increases risk of complications - Contributes to higher pharmaceutical spending - Affects life expectancy and preventable death rates - Significantly impacts maternal health outcomes (e.g., obesity increases pregnancy complications by 50%) - Creates need for more specialist visits and ongoing care management #### SPENDING AND SYSTEM STRUCTURE | Country | Healthcare % GDP | Per Capita Spend (USD) | Admin Costs (% of Spend) | Pharma Spend Per Capita | PCP:Specialist Ratio | | ------------- | ---------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------------ | ----------------------- | -------------------- | | United States | 18.8 | 11,072 | 8.3 | 1,229 | 1:4.2 | | Canada | 10.8 | 5,402 | 2.8 | 805 | 1:1.2 | | UK | 9.9 | 4,228 | 2.4 | 469 | 1:1.1 | | Australia | 9.4 | 5,573 | 3.1 | 651 | 1:1.4 | #### COSTS TO HOUSEHOLDS | Country | Out-of-Pocket (% of Income) | Total Health-Related Tax Burden* | Combined Cost Burden** | Medical Debt (% of Adults) | | ------------- | --------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------------- | | United States | 11.3 | 9.9 | 21.2 | 23.2 | | Canada | 2.8 | 12.8 | 15.6 | 5.3 | | UK | 2.1 | 11.9 | 14.0 | 3.8 | | Australia | 2.9 | 12.1 | 15.0 | 4.1 | *Including taxes specifically allocated to healthcare funding **Combined out-of-pocket and tax burden as percentage of household income #### ACCESS AND WAIT TIMES | Country | PCPs per 1000 | Preventive Visit Last Year (%) | Wait Time - Hip Replace* | Wait Time - Specialist** | Wait Time - Urgent Care*** | | ------------- | ------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------ | ------------------------ | -------------------------- | | United States | 0.9 | 68 | 1.2 | 20.6 | 2.4 | | Canada | 1.2 | 76 | 5.4 | 22.6 | 3.1 | | UK | 0.8 | 78 | 3.7 | 16.3 | 3.8 | | Australia | 1.6 | 75 | 3.4 | 15.7 | 2.9 | *Median wait time in months **Median wait time in days for non-urgent specialist consultation ***Hours waiting in urgent care/emergency department for non-life-threatening conditions #### OUTCOMES - U.S. STRENGTHS | Country | Cancer 5-yr Survival (%) | Heart Attack 30-day Survival (%) | Advanced Care Access* | Innovation Index** | |--------------|------------------------|--------------------------------|---------------------|------------------| | United States | 70.2 | 93.8 | 9.2 | 100 | | Canada | 68.4 | 92.1 | 7.1 | 72 | | UK | 66.8 | 91.2 | 6.8 | 65 | | Australia | 69.1 | 92.8 | 7.8 | 78 | *Access to advanced treatments/technologies (indexed score out of 10) **Healthcare innovation index (U.S. baseline = 100) ##### Advanced Care Examples - PET-CT scanners per million people: US (6.5), Canada (2.0), UK (1.5), Australia (3.0) - New cancer drugs available within first year of approval: US (95%), Canada (56%), UK (48%), Australia (66%) - Earlier access to new drug treatments (avg 3-6 months before other countries) - Higher availability of advanced imaging (MRI/CT per capita) - Faster adoption of new surgical techniques - More extensive clinical trial access - Greater availability of specialized treatments for rare diseases ##### The Innovation Index - Number of new drugs developed - Medical research output - Clinical trials conducted - Medical device patents - Adoption rate of new technologies - Investment in biomedical research #### OUTCOMES - U.S. CHALLENGES | Country | Life Expectancy | Preventable Deaths* | Maternal Mortality** | Chronic Disease Management*** | |--------------|----------------|-------------------|---------------------|----------------------------| | United States | 78.9 | 176 | 23.8 | 62.4 | | Canada | 82.5 | 72 | 8.6 | 78.2 | | UK | 81.4 | 87 | 6.5 | 74.6 | | Australia | 82.9 | 65 | 5.4 | 81.3 | *Deaths per 100,000 from conditions that could have been avoided with timely and effective healthcare **Deaths per 100,000 live births ***Percentage of chronic disease patients reporting good disease control Notes on Preventable Deaths: - Definition: Deaths that could have been avoided through timely and effective healthcare interventions - Includes: Deaths from conditions like diabetes complications, certain cancers when caught late, treatable infections, and cardiovascular events that could have been prevented - Measured through: Population-level analysis of death certificates, coding for "amenable mortality" - Age-standardized to account for population differences - Excludes deaths from external causes (accidents, homicide) #### U.S. Strengths: - Superior cancer survival rates - Excellent acute care outcomes - Leadership in medical innovation - Shorter wait times for elective procedures - Quick access to specialists #### U.S. Challenges: - Significantly higher costs (both system-wide and to individuals) - Poor chronic disease management - Higher preventable death rates - Limited primary care access - High administrative overhead - Imbalanced specialist-to-PCP ratio